Effective disposition decisions can lead to a number of value-adding benefits including economic, environmental and marketing benefits. Despite this, many organisations are not aware of the importance of disposition decisions and the impact they can have on organisational performance.
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential impact of disposition decision factors on organisational performance.
This study made use of a qualitative content analysis method on previously published scientific articles on reverse logistics. The sample included 67 published scientific articles between 2006 and 2016. ATLAS.ti software was used to assist with the data analysis process.
The findings showed a number of factors for disposition decision-making resulting in a number of value-adding benefits, which can improve organisational performance. From the findings, a conceptual framework was developed linking the disposition decision factors with the value-adding benefits and areas of organisational performance improvements.
The framework developed in this article contributes to new insights and can help organisations to identify different performance improvement areas associated with certain disposition decision factors.
The importance of product recovery and disposition in reverse logistics has grown in the past few decades (Niknejad & Petrovic
Economic benefits can be realised through generating revenue and reclaiming value from returned products (Agrawal, Singh & Murtaz
Despite these value-adding benefits, businesses and researchers have overlooked the potential of reverse logistics and recovery or disposition, especially in developing nations such as South Africa. Badenhorst (
In reviewing the literature, it was noticed that a limited number of studies in reverse logistics focus on the impact that effective disposition decisions could have on organisational performance. A few studies could be found that focus on disposition decisions in general. For instance, Agrawal et al. (
Similarly, Ferguson, Fleischmann and Souza (
Dehghanbaghi, Hosseininasab and Sadeghieh (
A study closely related to this article is that of Hazen, Hall and Hanna (
Limited studies in reverse logistics have used a qualitative content analysis (QCA) method on previous publications. As mentioned, Hazen et al. (
Although a QCA type of research on reverse logistics is rather limited, the method has been used quite often in supply chain literature. For instance, Stock and Boyer (
As evident from the previous section, the focus of studies in reverse logistics is mostly on different disposition decisions, without studying the impact it can have on organisational performance. There is an obvious gap in research in this regard. Research is necessary to draw the attention of the researchers and the business community on the possible impact of product disposition on organisational performance. Hazen et al. (
Based on the perceived gaps in the literature and practice, the purpose of this article is to demonstrate the potential impact of disposition decision factors on organisational performance. This study will make use of a QCA on reverse logistics publications to (1) explore disposition decision factors, (2) identify the value-adding benefits associated with the disposition decision factors and (3) create a conceptual framework linking the disposition decision factors with the value-adding benefits and areas of organisational performance improvements.
The remainder of this article will include an overview of disposition as part of the reverse logistics process, followed by a description of the research methodology. The findings of the QCA will then be presented, followed by a presentation of the conceptual framework. Finally, the article highlights the limitations of the research, future research opportunities and a conclusion.
Reverse logistics is the overall process that starts at end users (consumers) where used and unused products are collected from customers and then decisions are made to manage the returned products through different disposition options (Govindan et al.
Disposition is the final process in reverse logistics (Agrawal et al.
The first option entails reusing or reselling the returned product in its current condition. In the reuse option, products are returned directly to inventory or repackaged (Stock & Mulki,
The second category involves product upgrade with options such as repairing, reconditioning, refurbishing and remanufacturing. Product upgrade implies improving the product from its end-of-life or end-of-use condition to a condition that is acceptable for future use or sale (Hazen et al.
In
Material recovery involves recovering any portion of a returned product that may contain value (Hazen et al.
Waste management is an option when an organisation decides that there is no longer value to reuse, upgrade or to recover the materials and the product becomes waste (Hazen et al.
Disposition process in reverse logistics.
The research method of this study was a QCA. Content analysis has three distinguishing characteristics:
It is an empirically grounded method.
It is exploratory in process.
It is predictive or inferential in intent (Krippendorff
As a research technique, content analysis provides new insights and increases a researcher’s understanding of a particular phenomenon or informs practical actions (Krippendorff
It is important to start with a clear research objective or question, because the results are directly linked to it (Mayring
What are the disposition decision factors that organisations need to consider when making disposition decisions?
What are the value-adding benefits associated with the disposition decision factors?
What is the impact of disposition decision factors on organisational performance?
The material was selected through non-probability purposive sampling in order to reach the research objectives (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill
Most of the journals were identified from Science Direct, Emerald, Tandofline, Wiley online library, Proquest and Springer Link databases. Using the relevant databases and journals, the keywords ‘reverse logistics’, ‘disposition decisions’ and ‘product recovery’ were entered. Only articles between 2006 and 2016 were included in the search. This was done because other studies with similar methodologies used a date range of 10 years. The articles were then scanned and recorded on an Excel spreadsheet. Only those articles that contain content relevant to answer the research questions were included in the sample.
Sample.
Number | Journals included in the sample | Number of articles |
---|---|---|
1 | 8 | |
2 | 6 | |
3 | 5 | |
4 | 5 | |
5 | 3 | |
6 | 3 | |
7 | 3 | |
8 | 2 | |
2 | ||
2 | ||
2 | ||
2 | ||
2 | ||
2 | ||
2 | ||
2 | ||
9 | 1 | |
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
The sample size amounted to 33 journals and a total of 67 published articles between the years of 2006 and 2016.
ATLAS.ti was employed to analyse the content. ATLAS.ti belongs to the genre of Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) programs. Like other CAQDAS programs, it does not actually analyse data, but is used as a tool for supporting the process of QCA (Friese
A coding frame was developed based on the objectives of this study. Two main codes were used to code the data including (1) disposition decision factors and (2) value-adding benefits focussing on organisational improvement areas related to disposition decision factors. All the articles were read and codes were assigned to relevant content over a period of a month in December 2016. Within each code category, several subcategories were identified during the coding process. After the coding, output reports were created. ATLAS.ti allows a researcher to create output reports for each code category, providing quotations (passages from literature) relevant to the code category to assist with the analysis process.
The final step of the QCA involves the presentation of the findings. According to Schreier (
Reliability is a classic evaluation criteria commonly used in quantitative research but it can be used in qualitative research (Eriksson & Kovalainen
ATLAS.ti adds to trustworthiness of qualitative research. It permits the researcher to apply multiple approaches to enhance the level of rigour in qualitative research (Atlas.ti
ATLAS.ti can improve the credibility of qualitative findings, because it assists in providing rich descriptions in the narrating component of the QCA. This is done by making the relevant data or quotations that are directly linked to the themes (categories) of the research, readily available (Ducharme
Dependability is associated with offering information to the reader, ensuring that the process of research has been logical, traceable and documented (Eriksson & Kovalainen
Confirmability refers to the idea that the data and interpretations of an inquiry are not just based on imagination. Therefore, it is about linking findings and interpretations to the data in ways that can be easily understood by others (Eriksson & Kovalainen
In this section, the findings of the content analysis are presented. The findings cover the disposition decision factors as well as the value-adding benefits associated with the disposition decisions factors.
In reviewing the literature, it emerged that an important requirement for disposition decisions is to consider a variety of external and internal factors. These factors need to be taken into account to make the correct disposition decision, which may result in improved organisational performance. Certain categories and subcategories emerged from the content, which are presented in
Categories and subcategories of factors that influence disposition decisions.
Categories | Subcategories | Sources |
---|---|---|
Market-related factors | Brand specific | Agrawal et al. ( |
Consumer specific | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Competition | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Market specific | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Industry | Hazen et al. ( |
|
Product-related factors | Product characteristics | Bazan, Jaber and El Saadany ( |
Product life cycle | Rogers et al. ( |
|
Product condition or quality | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Product price | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Product value | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Economic-related factors | Costs | Agrawal et al. ( |
Financial gains and profits | Hazen et al. ( |
|
Economic value | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Tax breaks | Hazen et al. ( |
|
Organisation-related factors | Corporate responsibility | Agrawal et al. ( |
Strategies, objectives and policies | Hazen et al. ( |
|
Core competencies | Dowlatshahi ( |
|
Resources | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Operation-related factors | Types of returns | Khor and Udin ( |
Return volumes | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Return processing time | Hall et al. ( |
|
Supply chain–related factors | Parties specific | Gobbi ( |
Supply chain drivers | Gobbi ( |
|
Supply chain agreements | Guarnieri et al. ( |
|
Availability of third parties | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Supply chain capabilities | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Environment-related factors | Environmental awareness and concerns | Huscroft et al. ( |
Environmental impact | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Environmental policies | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Environmental approach | Hazen et al. ( |
|
Other external factors | Development of country | Kinobe et al. ( |
Laws and regulations | Agrawal et al. ( |
|
Stakeholder needs | Agrawal et al. ( |
Note: Please see the full reference list of the article, Badenhorst, A., 2018, ‘What practice can learn from theory: The potential impact of disposition decision factors on organisational performance’,
Each of these identified categories will be discussed next.
Market-related factors are related to the markets, competition, industry and consumers. Firstly,
Secondly,
Thirdly,
Fourthly,
Finally, the
Organisations such as OEMs that want to enter the remanufacturing industry should particularly focus on the market-related factors. For instance, Hazen et al. (
Product-related factors are associated with product characteristics, condition and price. Firstly, in terms of
Secondly, the
Thirdly,
Finally, product
Shelf life, the condition, quality and price of the product will have an influence on disposition decisions in all organisations, including retail and manufacturing businesses. More cumbersome, expensive and time-consuming recovery options will be selected if the product has a long life cycle and is of good quality, expensive and thus valuable.
Economic-related elements are often cited as important considerations for effective disposition decisions. This is mainly because of organisations focussing on costs and profitability. Firstly, it emerged that organisations need to determine all the
Secondly, in terms of
Finally, the remaining economic-related factors included potential value and tax breaks. Closely related to profitability is
In reviewing the content of this category of factors, it became clear that economic-related factors should be considered by all organisations throughout the supply chain. Therefore, these factors are not organisational or industry-specific factors.
This category relates to internal organisational and managerial factors such as corporate social responsibility, organisational strategies, objectives and policies, core competencies and resources. Firstly, the organisation’s sincerity with
Secondly, organisational
Finally, in terms of
In conclusion, organisation-related factors need to be considered with disposition decision-making by all organisations, including manufacturers and retailers. For instance, as indicated above, a manufacturer should take its resources and capabilities into account to choose certain disposition options such as remanufacturing. On the other hand, if a retailer wants to convey a ‘green’ image (a corporate strategy), it might promote recycling and encourage consumers to return empty containers and make facilities for recycling (e.g. glass) available.
Operational factors are associated with the type of returns, volume of returns and the processing time of disposition operations. Firstly, the
Secondly, Agrawal et al. (
Finally,
Based on the findings, it can be concluded that organisations in different parts of a supply chain, for example retailers and manufacturers, should consider operation-related factors. For instance, if a consumer returns a defective electronic product, a retailer should base its disposition on the type of return and product condition. On the other hand, a manufacturer might exclude remanufacturing or recycling from its disposition decision because of low return volumes.
Supply chain–related factors include the specific factors of the supply chain parties, supply chain drivers, the availability of third parties, supply chain agreements and supply chain capabilities.
Firstly, the factors associated with
Secondly, the
Thirdly, the
Fourthly,
Finally,
With the supply chain management approach, it makes sense that organisations collaborate when making disposition decisions. However, power, drivers, agreements and capabilities might influence the disposition decisions in the supply chain.
Environmental factors are associated with environmental awareness and concerns, impact, environmental policies and approaches. Firstly, in terms of
Secondly,
Finally,
All organisations in a supply chain should consider environment-related factors. For instance, if one organisation within a supply chain has a proactive approach to the environment, it could influence the disposition decisions of the other members of the supply chain. Alternatively, the environmental policies of the government could also be applicable to all organisations within the supply chain. Ultimately, by considering these factors, organisations in a supply chain could improve their environmental performance.
Other external factors include the development of a country, laws, regulations and stakeholder needs. Firstly, in terms of the
Secondly,
Finally,
In conclusion, many factors (refer to
The benefits associated with disposition decision factors indicate the value of it in terms of organisational performance. Six benefit categories emerged from the content including economic-related benefits, operation-related benefits, market-related benefits, environment-related, supply chain benefits and social benefits.
Categories and subcategories of benefits associated of disposition decisions.
Categories | Subcategories | Sources |
---|---|---|
Economic-related benefits |
Cost savings or reductions Profitability Improve asset recovery Improve financial performance Recapture economic value Revenue generation Cost efficiency |
Agarwal et al. ( |
Operation-related benefits |
Control returns Improved reverse logistics performance Improved operational performance Reduce impact of product returns Reduce inventory Preserving inventory |
Agrawal et al. ( |
Market-related benefits |
Sales growth Expansion of market share New markets Competitive advantage Improved customer satisfaction |
Alinovi et al. ( |
Environment-related benefits |
Improved environmental performance Waste reduction Conservation of resources Ecologically friendly Environmental protection Compliance with environmental regulations |
Agrawal and Choudhary ( |
Supply chain benefits |
Improved supply chain party relationships |
Agarwal et al. ( |
Social benefits |
Enhanced social performance Improved stakeholder relationship Job creation Enhance national economy |
Agrawal et al. ( |
Note: Please see the full reference list of the article, Badenhorst, A., 2018, ‘What practice can learn from theory: The potential impact of disposition decision factors on organisational performance’,
Each of the benefit categories will be discussed in the rest of this section.
A number of economic benefits emerged from the content analysis. For instance, considering appropriate disposition decision factors could result in cost savings, improved financial performance, improved asset recovery, increased profitability and revenue generation. Firstly, Huang and Yang (
In addition, it also emerged that all options except waste management could result in economic benefits. For instance, the reuse option is associated with transportation cost savings, while remanufacturing is associated with production cost savings and recycling associated with disposal cost savings. Therefore, organisations should also consider the economic benefits associated with each disposition option to improve financial performance.
Finally, Khor et al. (
Some operational benefits emerged from the content analysis, which are mostly related to the reverse logistics process and product returns. For instance, it emerged that effective disposition decision-making can result in improved operational performance, better control over returns, improved reverse logistics performance, reduced impact of product returns and reduced or preserved inventory. This is largely because of greater understanding and planning associated with disposition decision-making. This indicates that a number of factors should be considered in order to realise operational benefits.
In addition, operational benefits could also be associated with choosing specific disposition options. For instance, the reuse option is associated with preserving inventory, while remanufacturing and refurbishment can enhance operational performance. Therefore, considering operation-related disposition decision factors could result in operational improvements.
Market-related benefits are mostly associated with expansion of markets and sales growth, competitiveness and improved customer satisfaction. For instance, in remanufacturing, organisations can expand their business into alternative markets, which will lead to sales growth. In addition, Khor and Udin (
In terms of the environmental benefits, some authors or scholars also mentioned that this is an important outcome of considering certain disposition decision factors. Various environmental benefits emerged from the content analysis including improved environmental performance, waste reduction and conservation of resources. For instance, Khor and Udin (
It was evident from these findings that environmental benefits could be linked to disposition decisions related to the environment. However, by considering other factors such as laws and regulations of government, organisations could also realise environmental benefits. Therefore, through effective disposition decisions, organisations can improve overall environmental performance.
Limited authors or scholars mentioned the supply chain benefits that could be realised through effective disposition decisions. However, it did emerge that supply chain relationships could improve when considering supply chain–related factors. For instance, considering supply chain party needs could enhance supply chain performance. In addition, by collaborating on disposition decisions, all parties could experience improved supply chain relationships. These benefits could therefore improve organisational performance as well as supply chain performance.
A few social benefits also emerged from the content analysis. These benefits are mostly associated with stakeholders such as the society in which the organisation operates. An example of social benefits included job creation. For instance, recycling operations require labour, which lead to job creation. In addition, it also emerged that improved stakeholder relationships could be realised, specifically in terms of considering consumer needs as well as the needs of societies when making disposition decisions.
Finally, it emerged that through effective disposition decisions, an organisation can also enhance the national economy of a country. Essentially, effective disposition can enhance an organisation’s social performance and be associated with corporate social responsibility. In addition, sustainability and ecologically friendly activities would benefit the society in which the organisation operates.
From the findings, it is evident that an organisation can enhance its performance by considering the disposition decision factors when making disposition decisions. It is therefore important to understand the factors required for effective disposition decisions to realise value-adding benefits, which can lead to improved organisational performance.
The aim of this article was to demonstrate the potential impact of disposition decision factors on organisational performance. In order to establish a link between the findings, a conceptual framework was created to link the different disposition decision factors with the value-adding benefits and performance improvement areas.
Conceptual framework of the impact of disposition decision factors on organisational performance.
Factors | Factor subcategories | Benefits | Performance improvements |
---|---|---|---|
Market-related factors | Brand specific factors | Market-related benefits:
Competitive advantage Sales growth Profitability |
Market performance Financial performance |
Consumer-related factors | Market-related benefits:
Improved customer satisfaction |
Market performance |
|
Competitive factors | Market-related benefits:
Expansion of market share Competitive advantage New markets Sales growth Profitability Revenue generation |
Market performance Financial performance |
|
Market-specific factors | Market-related benefits:
New markets Profitability |
Market performance Financial performance |
|
Product-related factors | Product characteristics | Operation-related benefits:
Control returns Improved reverse logistics performance |
Operational performance |
Product condition or quality | Economic-related benefits:
Recapture economic value Control returns Improved reverse logistics performance Improved customer satisfaction |
Financial performance Operational performance Market performance |
|
Product price and value | Economic-related benefits:
Improve financial performance Control returns Reduce impact of product returns |
Financial performance Operational performance |
|
Economic-related factors | Costs | Economic-related benefits:
Profitability Cost savings Cost efficiency |
Financial performance |
Profitability | Economic-related benefits:
Profitability Revenue generation Recapture economic value |
Financial performance |
|
Economic value | Economic-related benefits:
Recapture economic value Improve asset recovery |
Financial performance |
|
Tax breaks | Economic-related benefits:
Cost savings Compliance with environmental regulations Ecologically friendly |
Financial performance Environmental performance |
|
Organisation-related factors | Corporate social responsibility | Environment-related benefits:
Ecologically friendly Enhance social performance |
Environmental performance Social performance |
Resources and capabilities | Economic-related benefits:
Cost efficiencies Competitive advantage Control returns |
Market performance Operational performance |
|
Organisational strategies, objectives and policies | Economic-related benefits:
Cost savings Cost efficiency Profitability Improve reverse logistics performance Improved customer satisfaction Compliance with environmental regulations Waste reduction Conservation of resources |
Financial performance Operational performance Market performance Environmental performance |
|
Operation-related factors | Type of return | Operation-related benefits:
Control returns Reduce the impact of returns Improved reverse logistics performance |
Operational performance |
Return volume | Economic-related benefits:
Cost efficiency Control returns Improved reverse logistics performance |
Financial performance Operational performance |
|
Return processing time | Operation-related benefits:
Control returns Reduce the impact of returns Improved reverse logistics performance |
Operational performance |
|
Supply chain factors | Supply chain parties | Economic-related benefits:
Cost savings Improve supply chain relationships |
Financial performance Supply chain performance |
Supply chain drivers | Economic-related benefits:
Recapture economic value Compliance with environmental regulations |
Financial performance Environmental performance |
|
Availability of third parties | Economic-related benefits:
Cost savings Control returns Reduce the impact of returns Improved reverse logistics performance Reduce inventory |
Financial performance Operational performance |
|
Supply chain agreements | Operation-related benefits:
Control returns Reduce the impact of returns Improved reverse logistics performance Improve supply chain relationships |
Operational performance Supply chain performance |
|
Supply chain capabilities | Operation-related benefits:
Control returns Improved reverse logistics performance Improve supply chain relationships |
Operational performance Supply chain performance |
|
Environment-related factors | Environmental awareness and concerns | Environment-related benefits:
Waste reduction Improved environmental performance Conservation of resources Ecologically friendly Enhance social performance |
Environmental performance Social performance |
Environmental impact | Environment-related benefits:
Improved environmental performance Waste reduction Conservation of resources Ecologically friendly Environmental protection |
Environmental performance |
|
Environmental policies | Environment-related benefits:
Improved environmental performance Waste reduction Conservation of resources Ecologically friendly Environmental protection Compliance with environmental regulations |
Environmental performance |
|
Other external factors | Development of the country | Social benefits:
Enhanced social performance Job creation Enhance national economy |
Social performance |
Laws and regulations | Environment-related benefits:
Waste reduction Conservation of resources Ecologically friendly Environmental protection Compliance with environmental regulations |
Environmental performance |
|
Stakeholder needs | Market-related benefits:
Improved customer satisfaction Improve supply chain relationships Enhanced social performance Improved stakeholder relationship |
Market performance Supply chain performance Social performance |
It is evident from the conceptual framework that certain benefits and performance improvement areas could be linked to different disposition decision factors. Certain observations could be made from the conceptual framework.
Firstly, it seems that by considering organisational strategies, goals and policies are the most important considerations, because it could enhance organisations’ financial performance, operational performance, market performance as well as environmental performance. In addition, it is also important to consider the product condition and quality, because these factors could enhance financial performance, operational performance and market performance.
Secondly, certain performance improvement areas could be associated with a number of disposition decision factors. Earlier it was mentioned that organisations should consider their overall goals when making disposition decisions. Similarly, organisations need to identify the performance areas that require improvement. Therefore, by focussing on specific performance areas, organisations should focus on specific factors associated with performance areas.
For instance, if the organisation wants to improve its operational performance, it can focus on product-related factors, operation-related factors and organisational policies. On the other hand, if an organisation seeks to improve financial performance, emphasis should be placed on economic-related factors. However, other factors should also be considered, such as (1) market-related factors, including brand protection and competition, (2) organisation-related factors, such as organisational strategies and (3) supply chain–related factors such as supply chain drivers. This approach could be applied to all the performance areas and relevant disposition decision factors.
Finally, all organisations in the supply chain need to consider each performance improvement area associated with relevant disposition decision factors. It is also important that organisations recognise that by considering all the disposition decision factors, certain value-adding benefits could be realised. Furthermore, if organisations in the same supply chain collaborate when making disposition decisions, it could result in improved supply chain performance.
In this article, it has been established that there is a need to understand the importance of accurate disposition decisions. Firstly, this article was conceptual in nature and based on previously published research (67 articles). Therefore, it would be valuable to investigate performance improvement associated with disposition decision factors through empirical research. In addition, it was also established that there are limited publications focussing on the benefits of effective disposition decision-making, indicating that more research in this area is needed.
Secondly, this article was also not industry- or organisation-specific and it would be valuable to determine if the factors needed for effective disposition decisions differ from industry to industry or organisation to organisation.
Thirdly, the focus of this article was mostly on organisational performance improvement through effective disposition decisions. Therefore, it would be valuable to determine the impact of effective disposition decisions on supply chain-wide performance.
Finally, there is a lack of research in South Africa in terms of product recovery or disposition in reverse logistics. It is therefore suggested that more empirical research is needed to determine if South African organisations need to consider the same or different disposition factors that were identified in this article.
A few research studies in reverse logistics have focussed on disposition decision factors especially in terms of the value-adding benefits and organisational performance. The aim of this study was to overcome this gap in research, by demonstrating the potential impact of disposition decision factors on organisational performance.
This article used a QCA methodology to identify the disposition decision factors and associated value-adding benefits. The content analysis was based on 67 scientific publications on reverse logistics between the years 2006 and 2016. Based on the findings, it was determined that a number of internal and external factors need to be considered to ensure effective disposition decisions. These include market-related, product-related, economic, organisational, operational, supply chain, environmental and other external factors. It was also determined that by considering these factors, organisations could realise a number of value-adding benefits. These included economic, operational, market-related, environmental, supply chain and social benefits.
Based on the findings of the QCA, a conceptual framework was developed demonstrating the impact of disposition decision factors on organisational performance. The framework showed that certain benefits are associated with certain disposition decision factors. In addition, the framework also demonstrated that certain disposition decision factors could be linked to certain organisational performance areas.
The conceptual framework developed in this study could help organisations to identify the factors that they have to consider to achieve improved organisational performance. In addition, the framework could also help organisations to become aware of the value-adding benefits associated with disposition decisions. Essentially, it is important for South African organisations to understand the importance of product recovery and reverse logistics practices.
The author declares that she has no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced her in writing this article.